Sponsored by the University of Kentucky College of Medicine
ACPE-accredited and produced by North American Center for Continuing Medical Education-Princeton CME
Target Audience
This activity is designed for managed markets physicians and pharmacists.
Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, participants should be able to:
- Describe the clinical and cost burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the United States and frequent barriers to cardiovascular prevention
- Summarize nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for secondary prevention of CVD
- Outline emerging data on pharmacologic approaches to cardiovascular prevention
- Put into practice current guidelines and evidence to assist providers in improving outcomes in cardiovascular prevention for high-risk patients
Statement of Need
CVD affects approximately 80 million Americans and is responsible for roughly one third of US mortality, with nearly 2400 CVD-associated deaths occurring each day—more than cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, and diabetes mellitus combined.1 CVD is associated with an estimated total annual cost of $400 billion.1 Among the identified modifiable risk factors for CVD are smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes mellitus2; in addition, the aging of the US population also contributes to the incidence of CVD,1 as more than 80% of individuals who die from coronary heart disease are 65 years of age or older.2 Practice guidelines such as the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholesterol Management in Adults, and the American Heart Association Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke are available to guide clinicians and managed markets professionals in cardiovascular prevention and treatment, addressing the use of both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic modalities.3-5 Nonpharmacologic interventions include smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary changes. Among the pharmacotherapeutic interventions available for cardiovascular prevention are diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers for the management of hypertension, and statins for the management of high cholesterol. As data continue to emerge regarding the effectiveness of traditional and new pharmacologic interventions in cardiovascular prevention, evidence suggests the importance of an individualized approach to patient care. To implement personalized treatment strategies and achieve optimal patient outcomes, managed markets physicians and pharmacists require education on patient-specific screening methods and current evidence for preventive cardiovascular measures.
References
1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69-e171.
2. Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease. American Heart Association Web site. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726. Accessed June 9, 2008.
3. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252.
4. Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Web site.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/index.htm. Accessed June 9, 2008.
5. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation. 2002;106:388-391.
Credit Eligibility
To be eligible for documentation of credit, participants must read all monograph content (print or online), log on to www.princetoncme.com to complete the 10-question post-test with a score of 70% or better, and complete the online evaluation form. Participants who successfully complete the post-test and evaluation form online may immediately print their documentation of credit. Please e-mail info@princetoncme.com or call 609-371-1137 if you have questions or need additional information.
Release Date: June 16, 2008
Expiration Date: June 16, 2009
Estimated time to complete: 1 hour
There is no fee associated with this activity.
CME Accreditation
The University of Kentucky College of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The University of Kentucky College of Medicine designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
The University of Kentucky College of Medicine presents this activity for educational purposes only. Participants are expected to utilize their own expertise and judgment while engaged in the practice of medicine. The content of the presentations is provided solely by presenters who have been selected for presentations because of recognized expertise in their field. The University requires that speakers disclose significant relationships with commercial companies whose product or services are discussed in educational presentations.
The University of Kentucky is an equal opportunity university.
University of Kentucky College of Medicine test code: XEN08099
CPE Accreditation
Princeton CME is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education (ACPE Provider #452) and complies with the Criteria for Quality and Interpretive Guidelines. This activity is approved for 1 contact hour (0.1 CEU) of continuing pharmacy education (UPN 452-999-08-020-H01-P).
Any participant wanting to file a grievance with respect to any aspect of a continuing pharmacy education activity accredited by Princeton CME may contact John Savage, Director, Medical Education, North American Center for Continuing Medical Education (NACCME)-Princeton CME, in writing. The Director of Medical Education will review the grievance and respond within 30 days of receiving the written statement. If the participant is unsatisfied with the response, an appeal to the Vice President, Medical Education, NACCME-Princeton CME, may be made for a second level of review.
John Savage
NACCME-Princeton CME
300 Rike Drive, Suite A
Millstone Township, NJ 08535
E-mail: jsavage@naccme.com
Independent Clinical Reviewer: Dan J. Fintel, MD, Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
Grant Support
This activity is supported by an educational grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Faculty
Roger S. Blumenthal, MD, FACC, FAHA
Professor of Medicine
Director, The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease
Baltimore, Maryland
William J. Cardarelli, PharmD
Director of Pharmacy
Atrius Health
Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates
Watertown, Massachusetts
Juan J. Rivera, MD
Johns Hopkins University
Department of Cardiology
Baltimore, Maryland
Matthew J. Sorrentino, MD, FACC
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Section of Cardiology
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Financial Disclosure and Conflicts of Internest
According to the disclosure policy of the University of Kentucky College of Medicine and NACCME-Princeton CME, faculty, editors, managers, and other individuals who are in a position to control content are required to disclose any relevant financial relationships with relevant commercial companies related to this activity. All relevant conflicts of interest that are identified are reviewed for potential conflicts of interest. If a conflict is identified, it is the responsibility of the University of Kentucky College of Medicine and NACCME-Princeton CME to initiate a mechanism to resolve the conflict(s). The existence of these interests or relationships is not viewed as implying bias or decreasing the value of the presentation.
All educational materials are reviewed for fair balance, scientific objectivity of studies reported, and levels of evidence.
The faculty has reported the following:
Drs. Blumenthal, Cardarelli, and Rivera disclosed no relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests.
Dr. Fintel: Consultant—Bristol-Myers Squibb, sanofi-aventis, Schering-Plough Corporation, The Medicines Company; Speakers' bureau—AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, sanofi-aventis, Schering-Plough, The Medicines Company
Dr. Sorrentino: Speakers' bureau—Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda
Planning Committee Mandy Johnson, the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, and Mary Johnson, Stacey Ohana, Randy Robbin, and John Savage, NACCME-Princeton CME, have disclosed they have no relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests.
The University of Kentucky College of Medicine and NACCME-Princeton CME require faculty to inform participants whenever off-label/unapproved uses of drugs or devices are discussed in their presentations.
The faculty has disclosed that no off-label/unapproved uses of drugs or devices will be discussed.
